The Chinese Exclusion Act is widely remembered as a symbol of racial discrimination in American history. But why did it become federal law in 1882? This article examines the economic transformation, labor competition, political mobilization, and diplomatic negotiations that ultimately led the United States to adopt the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Category Archives: English Articles
Don’t Let AI’s “Brain” Drain Human Lives: Three Red Lines the Expansion of Data Centers Must Not Cross
AI depends on data centers, but data centers increasingly shape the communities around them. As AI infrastructure expands, local governments face the challenge of balancing technological innovation with residents’ quality of life. This article argues that electricity costs, water use, and noise control should become three essential principles for future regulation.
When Public Issues Become Increasingly Technical, Can Ordinary Citizens Still Participate?
As public policy becomes increasingly dependent on specialized knowledge, democratic governance faces new challenges. This article explores how citizens can continue to participate in complex public decisions—and how governments can keep governance transparent, understandable, and genuinely participatory in the age of AI.
Who Should Pay for AI Infrastructure?
As AI infrastructure expands rapidly, the central question is no longer technology alone but how its costs should be shared. This article examines the relationship between data centers, grid upgrades, and public investment—and asks who should ultimately pay for the infrastructure of the AI era.
The Age of AI Power: Will the Electric Grid Become a New Public Policy Issue?
As AI accelerates the demand for large-scale computing, the electric grid is emerging as a new public policy issue. This article explores why AI requires vast amounts of electricity and how local governments are responding to new infrastructure challenges.
250 Years Later, What America Needs to Govern Is Not Identity, but a Plural Society
America’s challenge today is not whether identity exists, but whether its institutions still possess the capacity to govern a plural society. At the nation’s 250th anniversary, the more important question is not who has an identity, but how a diverse society can remain united through shared rules and institutions.
When AI Begins to Change Cities: The New Governance Questions Behind Switch’s Data Center Expansion
Artificial intelligence is reshaping more than the technology sector. Using Switch’s data center expansion in Las Vegas as a case study, this article explores how AI is redefining local governance through infrastructure, electricity planning, and public policy.
250 Years Later, What is Truly Worth Observing About America is Not the Celebration, but Whether Its Institutions Can Still Self-Repair
The most important question surrounding America’s 250th anniversary is not how long the Republic has endured, but whether its institutions still possess the capacity to adapt. For two and a half centuries, the United States has survived wars, economic crises, social movements, and political conflict by repeatedly revising its institutions. Today, the greatest challenge may not be polarization itself, but whether Americans can still agree on the shared rules and facts that make institutional self-correction possible.
Why Is American History Always on the Street?
Why is American history always on the street? Rather than being entombed in guarded museums, the past in America circulates on everyday quarters, lives in historic reenactments, and marks unassuming street corners. Here, memory is not a finished dogma, but an open forum inviting every generation to debate what the nation truly means.
Whose Freedom Is It?
In 1776, the Declaration of Independence proclaimed “all men are created equal,” yet the foundational reality of America starkly excluded millions. From slavery to anti-Asian exclusion laws, the historical boundary of “We the People” has been a battleground of systemic friction. As the nation approaches its 250th anniversary, this essay examines how America’s core contradictions drove centuries of institutional upgrades, and asks the ultimate question: Whose freedom is it?
